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Computer Organization and Architecture forms the foundation of computer science and information technology education. A clear understanding of how hardware components interact with software is essential for students pursuing careers in computing, system design, and advanced technologies. This book has been carefully designed with the objective of presenting core concepts in a clear, structured, and student-friendly manner. The content emphasizes both theoretical understanding and practical relevance, ensuring that learners develop a strong conceptual base while appreciating real-world system behavior. Each chapter is organized to progress logically from basic principles to advanced topics. Concepts such as data representation, CPU organization, instruction cycles, memory hierarchy, input/output organization, and performance evaluation are explained using simple language, illustrative examples, and well-structured explanations. Special attention has been given to clarity, accuracy, and alignment with examination requirements. This book is intended primarily for undergraduate and postgraduate students of Computer Science, Information Technology, and related disciplines, especially those enrolled in MCA and allied programs. It will also serve as a useful reference for faculty members and professionals seeking a concise yet comprehensive resource on Computer Organization and Architecture. We sincerely hope that this book will help students build confidence in the subject and develop a strong analytical understanding of computer systems. Mrs. Dipanjana Biswas Mr.Subhadip Goswami Dr. Sitanath Biswas Ms. Pratiksha Nandi